The increasing awareness regarding environmental issues and the need for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics has been a major driving force behind the growth of the bioplastics market. New bio-based technologies and innovations are increasing, with the intent to replace conventional fossil-based packaging as a “greener” alternative. However, the term “bioplastics” remains unclear. Bioplastics are considered relatively new materials and their composition, disposal, and level of sustainability remain ambiguous. As a result, concerns about deceptive marketing practices and greenwashing have come underway.
A "bioplastic" is defined as a type of plastic that is bio-based, biodegradable, or features both properties. Bioplastics are either partially or fully derived from bio-based feedstocks such as corn starch, sugarcane, etc. However, it is important not to homogenize all bioplastics, as they are not created the same. The term "biodegradable" can be misleading as some bio-based plastics may not biodegrade due to their chemical composition. A material labeled as “biodegradable” refers to its ability to break down naturally over time, and subsequently be absorbed by the environment, typically through the action of microorganisms. Packaging labeled as “bio-based” is not always “biodegradable” and vice versa.
A material's ability to biodegrade does not solely depend on the plant-based composition, but rather its chemical structure. For example, as listed below in the chart, some bioplastics such as BIO-PE and BIO-PET are “bio-based” but are non-biodegradable because of their chemical composition. The chemical structure mirrors fossil-based ones, thus inhibiting their ability to biodegrade. When analyzing a material's level of sustainability, it is crucial to assess the material's feedstock and overall Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).
Composting addresses end-of-life issues and promotes a more sustainable ecosystem. A material's biodegradation capability is often closely associated with its compostability, either industrially or at home. “Composting” is a natural process that involves the breakdown of organic materials, such as food scraps, yard waste, and other biodegradable materials, into a nutrient-rich substance called compost. Organic matter breaks down under specific conditions, and creates an ideal environment for microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and worms, to break down the organic matter. Specific environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, are key factors when determining whether the material will biodegrade, and at what rate. Composting benefits include nutrient-rich soil, greenhouse gas reduction, resource conservation, and overall contribution to a resilient ecosystem.
An important distinction between various bioplastics is industrially or home compostability. Industrially compostable materials require an even more specific set of conditions to compost. In some areas, the lack of composting facilities and infrastructure can limit the intended benefits of the product. On the other hand, home compostable materials require less specific conditions and can be done in one’s backyard. Composting is a significant factor for packaging because it addresses the issues posed by the end-of-life (EOL) of materials. Traditional waste streams typically have three possible end-of-life scenarios: 1) Rubbish is sent to landfills and emits potent greenhouse gas emissions, such as methane. 2) Rubbish leaks into natural environments resulting in pollution. 3) Incineration. Unlike the latter, composting offers a more circular and sustainable approach to managing organic waste, and has numerous environmental benefits, including natural soil enhancement.
So where does B’ZEOS lie? B’ZEOS products are 100% biodegradable, bio-based, and home-compostable. Our products are hyper-compostable since the materials can biodegrade in less than 47 days. Additionally, seaweed is a third-generation feedstock, indicating that it does not require fresh water, land, fertilizers, and pesticides to grow. Moreover, unlike PHAs and PBS, B'ZEOS uses natural polymers that are not chemically modified and are compliant under the Single-Use Plastic Directive (SUPD).
Navigating the different types of bioplastics can be, well, convoluted. However, at B'ZEOS we strive to always ensure sustainability and transparency from start to finish, to help consumer awareness and promote a truly regenerative product and future.
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